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Vespula rufa
''Vespula rufa'', commonly known as the red wasp,〔Archer, M. E. (2001). Vespula rufa (Linnaeus,1758). Retrieved from: http://www.bwars.com/index.php?q=wasp/vespidae/vespinae/vespula-rufa〕 is a social wasp species belonging to the ''Vespula'' genus. It is found in northern and central Europe, parts of Asia,〔Archer, Michael E. (1997, July 31). TAXONOMY, DISTRIBUTION AND NESTING BIOLOGY OF THE SPECIES OF THE EURO-ASIAN VESPULA RUFA GROUP (HYM., VESPINAE). ENTOMOLOGISTS MONTHLY MAGAZINE, 133. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/1463411/Archer_1997a_Taxonomy_distribution_and_nesting_biology_of_the_Euro-Asian_species_of_the_Vespula_rufa_group_Hymenoptera_Vespidae_〕 and northern parts of North America.〔 ''Vespula rufa'' is characterized by red-brown markings and body segmentation, with the appearance varying amongst the different roles of individuals in the species.〔 These wasps build small nests in dry banks underground that are not far below the surface.〔 The colony cycle begins in the fall.〔 ''Vespula rufa'' feed on live insects.〔 One interesting fact about ''Vespula rufa'' is that the queen policing occurs in the species, and that worker policing occurs at much lower rates than other species in the ''Vespula'' genus.〔Wenseleers, T., Badcock, N., S., Erven, K., Tofilski, A., Nascimento, F., S., Hart, A., G., Burke, T., A., Archer, M., E., & Ratnieks, F., L., W. (2005). A Test of Worker Policing Theory in an Advanced Eusocial Wasp, Vespula rufa. Evolution, 59 (6), 1306-1314. http://www.jstor.org/stable/344890〕 There are predators and parasites of the species. The species goes through a series of events before leaving the nest.
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
''Vespula rufa'' is a member of the genus ''Vespula''.〔 Within the genus, this species is most closely related to ''Vespula squamosa.''〔 Other species in the ''Vespula'' genus include ''Vespula germanica'', ''Vespula maculifrons'', and ''Vespula vulgaris''.〔 Outside of the genus, ''Dolichovespula'' is the next most closely related genus.〔 The northern red-banded yellowjacket was referred to as ''V. intermedia'' in North America.〔 This differs from typical Red Wasps, ''V. rufa,'' of the western Palearctic that have ivory rather than yellow markings.〔 Eastern Palaearctic populations also have ivory markings and this form has been called ''V. rufa schrenckii''.〔 Due to the variability of the brownish markings, which can be seen from specimens throughout its range, ''V. intermedia'' has become equivalent to ''V. rufa schrenckii''.〔 However, pale-marked populations also occur within the range of the ''V. rufa'' in Scandinavia and Central Asia.〔Kimsey, L. S. (2012). The Vespinae of North America (Vespidae, Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera research, 28, 51-53.〕 There are various wasps within the ‘subspecies’ of ''V. rufa'', including ''Vespula acadica'', however they are now viewed as little more than color forms rather than formal taxa, and the species is regarded as monotypic.〔
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